Juvenile delinquency in India is a multifaceted phenomenon influenced by familial, psychological, socio-cultural, and structural factors. This systematic review examines Indian research from 2005 to 2025 to identify key psychological, emotional, and environmental risk factors contributing to delinquent behavior among adolescents aged 10–18 years. The study synthesizes evidence on personality traits such as impulsivity and aggression, exposure to trauma and psychiatric conditions, parenting styles, peer influence, and socio-economic and cultural determinants. Findings indicate that familial dysfunction, emotional dysregulation, peer pressure, poverty, and systemic inequalities interact to heighten the risk of juvenile offenses. The study emphasizes the need for evidence-based, culturally sensitive interventions within India’s juvenile justice framework. Policies integrating family support, mental health services, educational and vocational training, and community-based rehabilitation can mitigate the risk factors identified. By highlighting the interplay of psychological and structural determinants, this review provides guidance for policymakers, mental health professionals, and educators seeking to reduce recidivism and promote the social reintegration of at-risk youth.